GABRIEL W. GORENSTEIN, United States Magistrate Judge.
Counterclaim Plaintiff Protoons, Inc. ("Protoons") has moved pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 and Federal Rules of Evidence 403 and 702 to strike in its entirety the expert report of Robert E. Allen submitted by Counterclaim Defendants Reach Music Publishing, Inc. ("Reach Music"), David Reeves, Reach Global, Inc. ("Reach Global" or "Reach"), and Michael Closter (collectively, the "counterclaim defendants"). Because we conclude that the opinions in this report, with some exceptions noted below, are admissible, Protoons' motion is denied.
For purposes of providing background for this motion, we summarize the counterclaim defendants' factual contentions. While Protoons disputes many of these contentions and asserts that important facts have been omitted, the counterclaim defendants' factual contentions provide the basis for the expert testimony they are offering and provide the justification for their arguments as to that testimony's relevance. Obviously, Protoons will be free to offer evidence contradicting the counterclaim defendants' version of the facts at trial.
As described by the counterclaim defendants, David Reeves is a songwriter who co-wrote many compositions for the musical group Run-D.M.C. See Counterclaim Defendants' Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Protoons' Motion to Strike the Expert Report of Robert E. Allen, filed Nov. 12, 2013 (Docket #202) ("Counterclaim Def. Mem."), at 4. On May 1, 1988, Reeves, along with others involved with the compositions, entered into what the parties have termed "songwriter agreements" with Russell Simmons, the CEO and Chairman of Rush Groove. Unbeknownst to Reeves, his songwriter agreement transferred his rights in certain compositions to Protoons. Id. At the time he entered into his songwriter agreement, Reeves was not familiar with Protoons and had no dealings with Protoons. Id. Reeves did not keep a copy of the songwriter agreement. Id.
Nearly two decades later, on July 19, 2007, Reeves entered into an agreement with Reach Global, in which Reeves purported to assign to Reach Global his rights to the same compositions that he had previously transferred to Protoons in his songwriter agreement. Id. Because Reeves was unaware of Protoons' rights to the compositions, he represented to Reach Global and to Reach principal Michael Closter that he "had never signed away any of his rights in the Compositions previously." Id. Despite Reeves' representations, Reach and Closter made numerous attempts to determine if there were any other parties who had interests in the compositions. Id. at 5. They ran multiple searches for recorded documents and copyright registrations with the United States Copyright Office, all of which failed to reveal any information about Reeves' prior conveyance to Protoons. Id. As part of this due diligence, Reach received documents from Reeves' attorney, Lita Rosario-Davis. Id. Although Rosario-Davis gave Reach certain unsigned draft agreements, her documents did not include any copies of the songwriter agreement or any document indicating that Reeves had signed away any of his rights in the compositions. Id. Accordingly, Reach concluded that Reeves possessed the rights to the compositions and paid Reeves an aggregate
After executing the 2007 agreement with Reeves, Reach contacted Warner/Chappell Music, Inc., a sub-licensee of Protoons, to ask why it was infringing upon Reach's rights to the compositions. Id. Warner/Chappell responded that it possessed the rights to exploit the compositions but did not provide any further explanation. Id. at 6. In June 2008, Closter, Reach's principal, contacted Protoons' counsel Mark Levinsohn to inquire about Protoons' alleged rights to the compositions. Id. In response, Levinsohn asserted that Reeves had "signed away all of his rights" to the compositions to Protoons but did not provide any documentation or other evidence on this point. Id. at 7. Levinsohn further declared that Reeves was entitled to nothing and that Protoons would "bury" Reach in litigation fees if it pursued a claim for the compositions. Id. According to counterclaim defendants, "Levinsohn never once provided Closter with any information about [the songwriter agreements] nor even confirmed whether or not they existed." Id. Thus, Levinsohn never confirmed "(1) whether there was a contract at all (as opposed to a mere assignment, for example); (2) if there was a contract, what was Reeves' bargain in that contract, such as royalty payments; (3) who were the parties, and did they include Protoons; (4) whether there was any covenant or implied promise not to sue Protoons; (5) what rights or obligations, if any, Reeves granted or promised to Protoons; (6) whether it was just an assignment, and if so, to whom; or (7) whether the purported contract was valid." Id.
In an email to Closter on July 17, 2008, Levinsohn made "vague and unsubstantiated references" to certain "signed agreements" but did not provide any details about the agreements. Id. That same day, Closter responded to Levinsohn's email by asserting that Protoons had not provided any proof for its claim to the compositions in the form of copyright assignments, agreements, or accountings. Id. at 7-8. From that point on, Protoons continued to refuse to produce any such documentation until after this lawsuit was filed. Id. Ultimately, Protoons provided counterclaim defendants with copies of several songwriter agreements in January 2010 pursuant to its discovery obligations. Id.
On September 3, 2008, Reeves and Reach Global filed an action in federal court against Protoons and Warner/Chappell asserting that Reeves and Reach Global were co-owners of the compositions, and therefore, that Protoons and Warner/Chappell must account for any income they received from exploitation of the compositions. See Complaint, filed Sept. 3, 2008 (Docket #1 in 08 Civ. 7722). That case was ultimately dismissed. See Notice of Dismissal Without Prejudice, filed Oct. 1, 2008 (Docket #7 in 08 Civ. 7722). A suit was filed in state court that was also dismissed. See Memorandum of Law in Support of Protoons' Motion to Strike the Expert Report of Robert E. Allen Submitted by Counterclaim Defendants, filed Nov. 5, 2013 (Docket #200) ("Protoons Mem."), 4-5.
On June 17, 2009, Reach Music and Reeves brought the instant action, naming Protoons and Warner/Chappell as defendants, see Complaint, filed June 17, 2009 (Docket #1), and on November 20, 2009, Protoons asserted counterclaims against Reach, Reeves, and Closter, see Answer and Counterclaims of Defendant and Counterclaim Plaintiff Protoons, filed Nov. 20, 2009 (Docket #23). After extensive litigation, the Court dismissed the complaint with prejudice. See Order, filed
Counterclaim defendants have retained as an expert Robert E. Allen, an entertainment lawyer who specializes in music publishing, intellectual property, and content licensing and negotiations. See Expert Report of Robert E. Allen (annexed as Ex. A to Declaration of Bradley J. Mullins in Support of Protoons' Motion to Strike the Expert Report of Robert E. Allen Submitted by Counterclaim Defendants, filed Nov. 5, 2013 (Docket #201) ("Mullins Decl.")) ("Allen Report"), at 1. As the principal of a consulting firm, Allen provides expertise in digital entertainment, new media, and intellectual property to clients in the music, television, motion picture, and internet industries. Id. Allen has also served as a senior executive for large music publishing companies such as Polygram Music Publishing Group and Universal Music Publishing Group. Id. at 2. In his career as an attorney in the entertainment industry, Allen's activities have included "negotiating and drafting recording agreements and amendments, producer agreements, songwriter agreements," id., "negotiating and drafting various deal memorandums, agreements [and] conducting due diligence on catalog acquisition agreements [by] researching copyright infringement claims, preparing related correspondence and negotiating settlements and release agreements," Id., and "creating, drafting and negotiating proposals, licenses and agreements relating to digital media, asset acquisition,... and internet licensing," id. In the report, Allen provides his opinion "regarding music industry custom and practices as contrasted with [the] actions of Protoons ... and its counsel, Mark Levinsohn... in responding to the Reach Parties [sic] inquiries regarding the status of Protoons' rights in the compositions at issue in this litigation." Id. at 3-4.
In the section of his report entitled "Summary of Opinion," Allen concludes that "Levinsohn's statements and conduct on behalf of Protoons in response to the Reach Parties' inquiries regarding the status of Protoons' rights in the compositions... were contrary to the custom and practice in the music publishing industry." Id. at 4. To support his opinion, Allen explains that he has "never" encountered an attorney who behaved as Levinsohn had in "assert[ing] his or her client's rights as a copyright owner, while at the same time withholding the ownership documentation in his or her possession, and declining to produce them until after a lawsuit was filed." Id. Indeed, Allen recounts that he has specifically seen "the opposite" conduct on "numerous occasions." Id. Allen explains that professionals in Levinsohn's situation "would produce the transfer agreement, assignments, registrations, or other proof of copyright ownership to support their clients' positions" and would "provide details to further support those
In the section of the report entitled "Basis of Opinion," Allen recounts the facts that led him to these conclusions, essentially recounting the version of the facts favored by the counterclaim defendants. Id. at 5-7. Allen notes in this section that "[i]n over 18 years of experience as a music publishing industry attorney and based on my familiarity with the custom and practice of the industry, I cannot think of an instance where a party in possession of documentation supporting its claim of ownership persisted in its refusal to disclose the documentation for more than two years after a lawsuit was filed." Id. at 7. To the contrary, he states, "a copyright attorney and music publishing professional in [Levinsohn's] situation would agree to disclose a transfer agreement, assignment, registration or other proof of copyright ownership in his or her possession to support their client's position and to resolve any questions of ownership prior to a lawsuit being filed." Id. at 8.
Protoons has now moved pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 and Federal Rules of Evidence 403 and 702 to strike Allen's report.
Federal Rule of Evidence 702 provides
The Rule 702 standard incorporates the principles enunciated in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589, 597, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993), in which the Supreme Court held that trial courts have a "gatekeeping" function to "ensure that any and all scientific testimony or evidence admitted is not only relevant, but reliable," and in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 119 S.Ct. 1167, 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999), in which the Supreme Court held that Daubert's general gatekeeping obligation "applies not only to testimony based on `scientific' knowledge, but also to testimony based on `technical' and `other specialized' knowledge," id. at 141, 119 S.Ct. 1167 (citing Fed. R.Evid. 702).
"One of the fundamental requirements of Rule 702 is that the proposed testimony `assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.'" In re Rezulin Prods. Liab. Litig., 309 F.Supp.2d 531,
Additionally, Rule 702 requires that expert testimony rest on knowledge, which is more than "subjective belief or unsupported speculation." See Atlantic Specialty Ins. v. AE Outfitters Retail Co., 970 F.Supp.2d 278, 289, 2013 WL 5289013, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 20, 2013) (citing Rezulin, 309 F.Supp.2d at 543). Accordingly, expert testimony that is "speculative or conjectural" is inadmissible. Id. (citing Boucher v. U.S. Suzuki Motor Corp., 73 F.3d 18, 21 (2d Cir.1996)). Similarly, expert opinions that are "conclusory" must be excluded. See Major League Baseball Props., Inc. v. Salvino, Inc., 542 F.3d 290, 311 (2d Cir.2008) (rejecting expert's conclusory statement where it was not accompanied by "any evidentiary citation" or followed by any elaboration of the expert's reasoning).
Nonetheless, not all expert testimony is based on scientific or technical knowledge. A party may also offer expert testimony based on "other specialized knowledge" and may be qualified merely by his "experience" rather than by any education or training. See Fed.R.Evid. 702; see also Kumho Tire Co., 526 U.S. at 156, 119 S.Ct. 1167 (expert may "draw a conclusion from a set of observations based on extensive and specialized experience"). In such a situation, "an expert basing his opinion solely on experience must do more than aver conclusorily that his experience led to his opinion, and must do more than propound a particular interpretation of [a party's] conduct." Highland Capital Mgmt., L.P. v. Schneider, 379 F.Supp.2d 461, 473 n. 2 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (internal punctuation and citation omitted). Rather, "[i]f the witness is relying solely or primarily on experience, then the witness must explain how that experience leads to the conclusion reached, why that experience is a sufficient basis for the opinion, and how that experience is reliably applied to the facts." Pension Comm. of Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan v. Banc of Am. Secs., LLC, 691 F.Supp.2d 448, 473 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (quoting Fed.R.Evid. 702 advisory committee's note); accord U.S. ex rel. Jones v. Brigham & Women's Hosp., 678 F.3d 72, 94 (1st Cir.2012).
The burden of proving the admissibility of expert evidence, as with all evidence, rests with the proponent — here, the counterclaim defendants. See, e.g., United States v. Williams, 506 F.3d 151, 160 (2d Cir.2007); Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee's note ("[T]he admissibility of all expert testimony is governed by the principles of Rule 104(a). Under that Rule,
Protoons argues that Allen's testimony should be stricken under Rule 702 because it is irrelevant, and in the alternative, because it is unreliable. See Protoons Mem. at 8-15; Reply Mem. at 3-14. We discuss each of these objections separately.
To determine whether the Allen Report contains any relevant opinions or conclusions, we begin by identifying the issue that the testimony is offered to support. As Protoons correctly notes, a plaintiff asserting a tortious interference claim under New York law must prove that the defendant had "actual knowledge" of the breached contract. See Protoons Mem. at 9-10 (citing Medtech Prods. Inc. v. Ranir, LLC, 596 F.Supp.2d 778, 796 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) ("[a]lthough a defendant need not be aware of all the details of a contract, it must have actual knowledge of the specific contract.") (internal citation omitted)). Because proof of actual knowledge is required, cases have held that an allegation in a complaint that a defendant "should have known" of the contract in question — or, in other words, that a reasonable person in the defendant's position would have known of the contract — are not sufficient to state a claim under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). See, e.g., Medtech, 596 F.Supp.2d at 796 n. 13 ("Allegations that [the defendants] `should have known' of the contracts, however, even if proven, will not ultimately satisfy the second element of this claim, and are therefore stricken.") Protoons uses this legal doctrine to argue against the admissibility of Allen's proposed testimony on the ground that it was introduced for "the obviously irrelevant purpose of claiming that it would be reasonable for the Reach Parties not to believe Levinsohn's statements that the Songwriter Agreements existed." Protoons Mem. at 10.
Protoons' argument is essentially that if the "actual knowledge" requirement is not
Also, a jury might find such testimony helpful in deciding this case. A juror with no knowledge of the entertainment industry might be reluctant to draw the inference that Levinsohn's conduct conveyed to Closter that there was no contract. Instead, the juror might assume that it is normal practice in the music industry to refuse to share private music contracts with outsiders for any reason. If it were proven to the juror that it was the custom and practice in the industry to share such agreements in the situation presented here, the juror could more easily draw the inference that Levinsohn's failure to provide a copy of the contract conveyed to Closter that no such contract existed. It is of course common for testimony regarding the "customs and practices" in a particular industry to be the subject of expert testimony. See, e.g., SR Intern. Bus. Ins. Co., Ltd. v. World Trade Center Props., LLC, 467 F.3d 107, 133 (2d Cir.2006) (broker and underwriter in the insurance industry may testify regarding the "customs and practices of the insurance industry"); Fidelity Nat. Title Ins. Co. v. Cole Taylor Bank, 878 F.Supp.2d 453, 457 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (insurance industry executive could testify about the customs and practice of the title insurance industry because "her testimony clarified some of the terminology in the relevant evidence"); Pension Comm. of Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan, 691 F.Supp.2d at 474 (allowing hedge fund administrator to testify about the customs and practices of that industry); Media Sport & Arts s.r.l. v. Kinney Shoe Corp., 1999 WL 946354, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 19, 1999) (admitting expert's opinion "regarding the customs and practices of the sports industry, an analysis of whether the conduct of the parties in this action conformed to those customs, and whether such behavior evidences the parties' intent to be bound by contract"); Gill v. Arab Bank, PLC, 893 F.Supp.2d 523, 537 (E.D.N.Y.2012) (allowing experts to testify about custom and practices of the banking industry because such testimony
However, some statements in the "Basis of Opinion" section of the Allen Report relate to issues that are not relevant. Specifically, we find irrelevant Allen's opinions regarding Protoons' actions occurring after the filing of the lawsuits — specifically Protoons' continued refusal to provide the songwriter agreement even after the lawsuit was filed. See Allen Report at 7. Protoons' counterclaim alleges that the tortious interference occurred when the counterclaim defendants induced Reeves file lawsuits against Protoons on September 8, 2008, October 2, 2008, and June 17, 2009. See generally Am. Compl. ¶¶ 56-67. Thus, any statements about custom and practice that are based on Protoons' refusal to provide the agreements in the period after June 17, 2009 — the date the last lawsuit was filed — are not relevant to Protoons' counterclaims, and no expert testimony related to Closter's knowledge may be offered as to actions taken after that date.
Protoons also argues that Allen should not be allowed to offer a "lengthy factual narrative." Reply Mem. at 7. Protoons is correct that "an expert cannot be presented to the jury solely for the purpose of constructing a factual narrative based upon record evidence." Highland, 379 F.Supp.2d at 469 (citing Rezulin, 309 F.Supp.2d at 551). Here, however, the factual assertions contained in Allen's report simply provide the foundation for Allen's opinion as to the custom and practice in the industry in the situation he describes. At trial, the factual assertions he relies on obviously would have to be supported by admissible evidence and thus Allen could not present these facts to the jury for the purpose of describing what actually took place. Rather, Allen would present these facts as the predicate for his opinion testimony.
Protoons also argues that "[t]he Allen Report should be stricken [because] it contains no specialized knowledge based upon any reliable methodology regarding any matter, including purported custom and practice, relevant to any issue in this action." Protoons Mem. at 11.
As explained in the Advisory Committee Notes to Fed.R.Evid. 702, "[s]ome types of expert testimony will not rely on anything like a scientific method, and so will have to be evaluated by reference to other standard principles attendant to the particular area of expertise." Moreover, "[i]n certain fields, experience is the predominant, if not sole, basis for a great deal of reliable expert testimony." Id. This does not mean that an expert may give an unsupported opinion merely because the expert has experience in a particular field. See generally LinkCo, Inc. v. Fujitsu Ltd.,
Allen's report explains how his experience led to his conclusion that it is the custom and practice in the industry to provide, in the circumstances assumed by Allen, documentation to demonstrate a copyright holder's rights. He also provides an explanation of how that experience is a sufficient basis for his opinion and that it was reliably applied to generate this opinion. Specifically, Allen explains that he has worked on contracting issues in the music industry for more than 18 years, see Allen Report at 1-3, and that he has "never encountered" an attorney who behaved as Levinsohn had in "assert[ing] his or her client's rights as a copyright owner, while at the same time withholding the ownership documentation in his or her possession, and declining to produce them until after a lawsuit was filed," id. at 4. To the contrary, Allen has observed entertainment industry attorneys providing such documentation on "numerous occasions." See id. Although Allen could have been provided more details on this experience, these statements are sufficient to support the relatively simple proposition he is advancing here. Cf. SR Intern. Bus. Ins. Co., Ltd., 467 F.3d at 132-33 (foundation was sufficiently reliable for expert to testify about particular practices where expert had "30 years of experience in the insurance industry" and was "familiar with practices in the industry"); Pension Comm. of Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan, 691 F.Supp.2d at 474 (expert's "experience as a hedge fund administrator provides a sufficient basis for him to testify about the customs and practices of hedge fund administrators"). As was noted in another case where a party questioned an expert's methodology for arriving at an opinion, the counterclaimants' objections "go to the weight of [the] expert testimony, not its admissibility in the first instance." Emig v. Electrolux Home Prods. Inc., 2008 WL 4200988, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 11, 2008).
The same is true for Protoons' contention that Allen's report omits important facts. Protoons Mem. at 14-15. Such alleged omissions may be explored on cross-examination but do not affect the admissibility of Allen's opinions. See, e.g., Boucher, 73 F.3d at 21 (as long as expert's assumptions are not "so unrealistic and contradictory as to suggest bad faith," arguments that the "assumptions are unfounded go to the weight, not the admissibility, of the testimony") (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
For the foregoing reasons, Protoons' motion to strike the expert report of Robert Allen (Docket #199) is denied to the extent stated in this Opinion and Order. Obviously, Protoons' request for attorney's fees, see Protoons Mem. at 6 n. 4, is also denied.